Articles E-F

Eagar, C., Review of biology and ecology of the balsam wooly aphid in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests, in P. S. White, ed., The Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Ecosystem: Its Biology and Threats, Research/Resources Management Report SER-71, pp. 36-50, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC, 1984.

Eamus, D., J. D. Barnes, L. Mortensen, H. Ro-Poulsen, and A. W. Davison, Persistent stimulation of CO₂ assimilation and stomatal conductance by summer ozone fumigation in Norway spruce, Environ. Pollut., 63, 365-379, 1990.

Eamus, D., and M. B. Murray, The impact of constituent ions of acid mist on assimilation and stomatal conductance of Norway spruce prior and post midwinter freezing, Environ. Pollution, 79, 135-142, 1993.

Eckersten, H., A. Gärdenäs, and P.-E. Jansson, Modelling seasonal nitrogen, carbon, water and heat dynamics of the Solling spruce stand, Ecological Modelling, 83, 119-129, 1995.

Eder, B. K., A principal component analysis of SO₄^2- precipitation concentrations over the eastern United States, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2739-3750, 1989.

Eder, B. K., J. M. Davis, and P. Bloomfield, A characterization of the spatiotemporal variability of non-urban ozone concentrations over the eastern United States, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 2645-2668, 1993.

Edmonds, R. L., and F. A. Basabe, Ozone concentrations above a Douglas fir forest canopy in western Washington, U.S.A., Atmos. Environ., 23, 625-629, 1989.

Edwards, G. S., P. A. Pier, and J. M. Kelly, Influence of ozone and soil magnesium status on the cold hardiness of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings, New Phytol., 115, 157-164, 1990.

Edwards, G. S., N. T. Edwards, J. M. Kelly, and P. A. Mays, Ozone, acidic precipitation, and soil Mg effects on growth and nutrition of loblolly pine seedlings, Environ. Experimental Bot., 31, 67-78, 1991.

Edwards, G. S., S. D. Wullschleger, and J. M. Kelly, Growth and physiology of northern red oak: Preliminary comparisons of mature tree and seedling responses to ozone, Environ. Pollut., 83, 215-221, 1994.

Edwards, G. S., R. E. Sherman, and J. M. Kelly, Red spruce and loblolly pine nutritional responses to acidic precipitation and ozone, Environ. Pollut., 89, 9-15, 1995.

Edwards, N. T., Root and soil respiration responses to ozone in Pinus taeda L. seedlings, New Phytol., 118, 315-321, 1991.

Edwards, N. T., Three-year growth responses of Pinus taeda L. to simulated rain chemistry, soil magnesium status, and ozone, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 63, 105-118, 1992.

Egli, M., and P. Fitze, The influence of increased NH₄⁺ deposition rates on aluminium chemistry in the percolate of acid soils, European J. Soil Science, 46, 439-447, 1995.

Eldred, R. A., and T. A. Cahill, Trends in elemental concentrations of fine particles at remote sites in the United States, Atmos Environ., 28A, 1009-1019, 1994.

Elfving, B., and L. Tegnhammar, Trends in tree growth in Swedish forests 1953-1992: An analysis based on sample trees from the National Forest Inventory, Scand. J. For. Res., 11, 26-37, 1996.

Ellsworth, D. S., and X. Liu, Photosynthesis and canopy nutrition of four sugar maple forests on acid soils in northern Vermont, Can. J. For. Res., 24, 2118-2127, 1994.

Elvira, S., R. Alonso, R. Inclan, V. Bermejo, F. J. Castillo, and B. S. Gimeno, Ozone effects on Aleppo pine seedlings (Pinus halepensis Mill.) grown in open-top chambers, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 85, 1387-1392, 1995.

Ember, L., Concern mounts over acid rain control strategy, Chem. & Eng. News., 18-19, Sept. 3, 1984.

Emmett, B. A., P. A. Stevens, and B. Reynolds, Factors influencing nitrogen saturation in Sitka spruce stands in Wales, UK, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 85, 1629-1634, 1995.

Emmett, B. A., and B. Reynolds, Nitroten critical loads for spruce plantations in Wales: Is there too much nitrogen?, Forestry, 69, 205-214, 1996.

Enders, G., R. Dlugi, R. Steinbrecher, B. Clement, R. Daiber, et al., Biosphere/atmosphere interactions: Integrated research in a European coniferous forest ecosystem, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 171-189, 1992.

Englin, J., and J. M. Callaway, Environmental impacts of sequestering carbon through forestation, Climatic Change, 31, 67-78, 1995.

Épron, D., and E. Dreyer, Long-term effects of drought on photosynthrsis of adult oak trees [Quercus patreae (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.] in a natural stand, New Phytol., 125, 381-389, 1993.

Épron, D., and E. Dreyer, Starch and soluble carbohydrates in leaves of water-stressed oak saplings, Ann. Sci. For., 53, 263-268, 1996.

Ericsson, T., A. Göransson, H. van Oene, and G. Gobran, Interactions between aluminium, calcium and magnesium - Impacts on nutrition and growth of forest trees, Ecolog. Bulletins, 44, 191-196, 1995.

Esher, R. J., D. H. Marx, S. J. Ursic, R. L. Baker, L. R. Brown, and D. C. Coleman, Simulated acid rain effects on fine roots, ectomycorrhizae, microorganisms, and invertebrates in pine forests of the southern United States, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 61, 269-278, 1992.

Evans, L. S., Proposed mechanisms of initial injury-causing dieback in red spruce at high elevation in eastern North America, Can. J. For. Res., 16, 1113-1116, 1986.

Evans, L. S., and I. P. Ting, Ozone sensitivity of leaves: Relationship to leaf water content, gas transfer resistance, and anatomical characteristics, Am. J. Bot., 61, 592-597, 1974.

Evans, L. S., and P. T. Biesemeyer, Initial twig injury to high elevation Picea rubens in eastern North America caused by inadequate periderm formation, Amer. J. BOt., 75, 1378-1386, 1988.

Evans, L. S., J. H. Adamski II, and J. R. Renfro, Relationships between cellular injury, visible injury of leaves, and ozone exposure levels for several dicotyledonous pland species at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 36, 229-237, 1996.

Evinger, V. T., and F. S. Chapin III, Plant-microbial interactions, Nature, 385, 26-27, 1997.

Fajer, E. D., M. D. Bowers, and F. A. Bazzaz, The effect of enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres on plant/insect herbivore interactions, Science, 243, 1198-1200, 1989.

Falappi, D., A. Farini, G. Ranalli, and C. Sorlini, Effects of simulated acid rain on some microbiological parameters of subacid soil, Chemosphere, 28, 1087-1095, 1994.

Falkengren-Grerup, U., J. Brunet, M. E. Quist, and G. Tyler, Is the Ca:Al ratio superior to pH, Ca or Al concentrtions in accounting for the distribution of plants in deciduous forest?, Plant and Soil, 177, 21-31, 1995.

Farege, P. K., The effect of ozone fumigation over one season on phototynthetic processes of Quercus robur seedlings, New Phytol., 134, 279-285, 1996.

Fay, J. A., D. Golomb, and S. Kumar, Source apportionment of wet sulfate deposition in eastern North America, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1773-1782, 1985.

Fay, J. A., D. Golomb, and S. Kumar, Modeling of the 1900-1980 trend of precipitation acidity at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1825-1828, 1986.

Fay, J. A., D. Golomb, and S. Kumar, Anthropogenic nitrogen oxide transport and deposition in eastern North America, Atmos. Environ., 21, 61-68, 1986.

Fay, J. A., S. Kumar, and D. Golomb, Annual and semi-annual anthropogenic sulfur budget for eastern North America, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1497-1500, 1986.

Fay, J. A., D. Golomb, and S. G. Zemba, Observed and modeled trend of sulfate and nitrate in precipitation in eastern North America, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1863-18xx, 1989.

Feddema, J. J., and T. C. Meierding, Marble weathering and air pollution in Philadelphia, Atmos. Environ., 21, 143-157, 1987.

Federer, C. A., and J. W. Hornbeck, Expected decrease in diameter of even-aged red spruce, Can. J. For. Res., 17, 266-269, 1987.

Fellner, R., Mycorrhizae-forming fungi in climax forest communities at a timberline in Giant Mountains, Ceska Mykol., 37, 109, 1983.

Fellner, R., Mycorrhizae-forming fungi as bioindicators of air pollution, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 28, 115-120, 1989.

Fellner, R., and F. Soukup, Mycological monitoring in the air-polluted regions of the Czech Repubic, Commun. Institute Forestalis Chechoslovaca, 17, 125-137, 1991.

Fellner, R., and V. Peková, Effects of industrial pollutants on ectomycorrhizal relationships in temperate forests, Can. J. Bot., 73 (Suppl. 1), S1310-S1315, 1994.

Fenn, M., Increased site fertility and litter decomposition rate in high-pollution sites in the San Bernardino Mountains, Forest Sci., 37, 1163-1181, 1991.

Fenn, M. E., and P. H. Dunn, Litter decomposition across an air-pollution gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains, Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 1560-1567, 1989.

Fenn, M. E., and A. Bytnerowicz, Dry deposition of nitrogen and sulfur to ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the San Bernardino National Forest in Southern California, Environ. Pollut., 81, 277-285, 1993.

Fenn, M. E., and A. Bytnerowicz, Throughfall chemistry of ponderosa pine exposed to wet and dry acidic deposition, drought, ozone,and nitric acid, Can. J. For. Res., 25, 88-100, 1995.

Fenn, M. E., M. A. Poth, and D. W. Johnson, Evidence for nitrogen saturation in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California, Forest Ecology & Management, 82, 211-236, 1996.

Fenn, M. E., and A. Bytnerowicz, Summer throughfall and winter deposition in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California, Atmos. Environ., 31, 673-683, 1997.

Fernandez, I. J., Effects of acidic precipitation on soil productivity, in D. C. Adriano and A. H. Johnson, eds., Acidic Precipitation, Vol. 2, Biological and Ecological Effects, Springer-Verlag, New York, 61-83, 1989.

Fernandez, I. J., and L. E. Rustad, Soil response to S and N treatments in a northern New England low elevation coniferous forest, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 52, 23-39, 1990.

Fernandez, I. J., Characterization of eastern U.S. spruce-fir soils, Ch. 2 in C. Eagar and M. B. Adams, eds., Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States, Springer-Verlag, NY, pp. 40-63, 1992.

Fernandez, I. J., Soil-solution chemistry in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem, Howland, Maine, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 84, 129-145, 1995.

Ferretti, M., E. Cenni, F. Bussotti, and P. Batistoni, Vehicle-induced lead and cadmium contamination of roadside soil and plants in Italy, Chemisty and Ecology, 11, 213-228, 1995.

Ferrier, R. C., R. F. Wright, B. J. Cosby, and A. Jenkins, Application of the MAGIC model to the Norway spruce stand at Solling, Germany, Ecological Modelling, 83, 77-84, 1995.

Field, C. B., R. S. Chapin III, P. A. Matson, and H. A. Mooney, Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to the changing atmosphere: A resource-based approach, Ann. Rev. Ecol. and Systematics, 23, 201-235, 1992.

Field, C. B., Arctic chill for CO₂ uptake, Nature, 371, 472-473, 1994.

Filipe, T., The content of exchangeable aluminium in soils and plant growth, J. Ecol. Chem., 3, 367-375, 1994.

Fincher, J., and R. G. Alscher, The effect of long-term ozone exposure on injury in seedlings of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), New Phytol., 120, 49-59, 1992.

Findlay, S., and C. G. Jones, Exposure of cottonwood plants to ozone alters subsequent decomposition, Oecologia, 82, 248-250, 1990.

Findlay, S., M. Carreiro, V. Krischik, and C. G. Jones, Effects of damage to living plants on leaf litter quality, Ecological Applic., 6, 269-275, 1996.

Fink, S., Microscopice criteria for the diagnosis of abiotic injuries to conifer needles, in Huettl & Mueller-Dombois, eds., Forest Decline in the Atlantic and Pacific Region, Springer-Verlag, 175-188, 1993.

Firestone, M. K., J. G. McColl, K. S. Killham, and P. D. Brooks, Microbial response to acid deposition and effects on plant productivity, Ch. 5 in Linthurst, Direct and Indirect Effects of Acidic Deposition on Vegetation, Butterworth Pub., Boston, 51-63, 1984.

Firor, J., Climate change: Does it matter?, Rev. Geophys., Supplem. 2, 883-888, 1995.

Fischer, Th., Ch. Bergmann, and R. F. Hüttl, Soil carbon and nitrogen budget in Scots pine (Pinus sylvertris L.) stands along an air pollution gradient in eastern Germany, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 85, 1671-1676, 1995.

Flowers, E. C., R. A. McCormick, and K. R. Kurfis, Atmospheric turbidity over the United States, 1961-1966, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 955-962, 1969.

Flückiger, W., and J. J. Oertli, Observations of an aphid infestation on hawthorn in the vicinity of a motorway, Naturwissenschaften, 65, 654-655?, 1978.

Flückiger, W., and S. Braun, Revitalization of an alpine protective forest by fertilization, Plant and Soil, 168-169, 481-488, 1995.

Flum, T., and S. C. Nodvin, Factors affecting stramwater chemistry in the Great Smoky Mountains, USA, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 85, 1707-1712, 1995.

Flynn, J., Forest without trees, How Congress was duped about acid rain's effects, Amicus Journal (NRDC), 13, 28-33, 1991.

Flynn, F., The 1995 southern West Virginia foliar damage event, News from the Mother Forest, No. 6, 2-3, Oct. 1995.

Fog, K., The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter, Biol. Rev., 63, 433-462, 1988.

Foot, J. P., S. J. M. Caporn, J. A. Lee, and T. W. Ashenden, The effect of long-term ozone fumigation on the growth, physiology and frost sensitivity of Calluna vulgaris, New Phytol., 133, 503-511, 1996.

Forget, E., and J. Zayed, Tree-ring analysis for monitoring pollution by metals, Ch. 7 in T. E. Lewis, ed., Tree Rings as Indicators of Ecosystem Health, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 157-176, 1995.

Forschner, W., V. Schmitt, and A. Wild, Investigations on the starch content and ultrastructure of spruce needles relative to the occurrence of novel forest decline, Botanica Acta, 102, 208-221, 1989.

Fouché, P. S., and N. W. Booysen, Assessment of crop stress conditions using low altitude aerial color infrared photography and computer image processing, Geocarto International, 9(2), 25-31, 1994.

Fox, C. A., W. B. Kincaid, T. H. Nash, III, D. L. Young, and H. C. Fritts, Tree-ring variation in western larch (Larix occidentalis) exposed to sulfur dioxide emissions, Can. J. For. Res., 16, 283-292, 1986.

Franken, G., M. Pijpers, and E. Matzner, Aluminium chemistry of the soil solution in an acid forest soil as influenced by percolation rate and soil structure, Eurpoean J. Soil Sci., 46, 613-619, 1995.

Franklin, F. J., F. J. Swanson, M. E. Harmon, D. A. Perry, T. A. Spies, V. H. Dale, A. McKee, W. K. Ferrell, and J. E. Means, Effects of global climatic change on forests in northwestern North America, Northwest Environmental J., 7, 233-254, 1991.

Fredericksen, T. S., B. J. Joyce, J. M. Skelly, K. C. Steiner, T. E. Kolb, K. B. Kouterick, J. E. Savage, and K. R. Snyder, Physiology, morphology, and ozone uptake of leaves of black cherry seedlings, saplings, and canopy trees, Environ. Pollut., 89, 273-283, 1995.

Fredericksen, T. S., J. M. Skelly, K. C. Steiner, T. E. Kolb, and K. B. Kouterick, Size-mediated foliar response to ozone in black cherry trees, Environ. Pollut., 90, in press, Jan. 1996.

Fredericksen, T. S., J. M. Skelly, K. R. Snyder, K. C. Steiner, and T. E. Kolb, Predicting ozone uptake from meteorological and environmental variables, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 46, 464-469, 1996.

Fredericksen, T. S., T. E. Kolb, J. M. Skelly, K. C. Steiner, B. J. Joyce, and J. E. Savage, Light environment alters ozone uptake per net photosynthetic rate in black cherry trees, Tree Physiol., 16, 485-490, 1996.

Frelich, L. E., J. G. Bockheim, and J. E. Leide, Historical trends in tree-ring growth and chemistry across an air-quality gradient in Wisconsin, Can. J. For. Res., 19, 113-121, 1989.

Frey, B., C. Scheidegger, M. S. Günthardt-Goerg, and R. Matyssek, The effects of ozone and nutrient supply on stomatal response in birch (Betula pendula) leaves as determined by digital image-analysis and X-ray microanalysis, New Phytol., 132, 135-143, 1996.

Friedland, A. J., E. K. Miller, J. J. Battles, and J. F. Thorne, Nitrogen deposition and cycling in a subalpine spruce-fir forest in the Adirondacks, New York, USA, Biogeochem., 14, 31-55, 1991.

Friedland, A. J., B. W. Craig, E. K. Miller, G. T. Herrick, T. G. Siccama, and A. H. Johnson, Decreasing lead levels in the forest floor of the northeastern USA, Ambio, 21, 400-403, 1992.

Fritze, H., O. Kiikkilä, J. Pasanen, and J. Pietikäinen, Reaction of forest soil microflora to environmental stress along a moderate pollution gradient next to an oil refinery, Plant and Soil., 140, 175-182, 1992.

Fritze, H., and E. Bååth, Microfungal species composition and fungal biomass in a coniferous forest soil polluted by alkaline deposition, Microb. Ecol., 25, 83-92, 1993.

Fritze, H., P. Vahnala, J. Pietikäinen, and E. Mälkönen, Vitality fertilization of Scots pine stands growing along a gradient of heavy metal pollution: Short-term effects on microbial biomass and respiratoin of the humus layer, Fresnius J. Anal. Chem., 354, 750-755, 1996.

Fuentes, J. D., T. J. Gillespie, G. den Hartog, and H. H. Neumann, Ozone deposition onto a deciduous forest during dry and wet conditions, Agric. and Forest Meteorol., 62, 1-18, 1992.

Fuentes, J. D., G. den Hartog, H. H. Neumann, and T. J. Gillespie, Measurements and modelling of ozone deposition to wet foliage, NATO ASI Ser., Vol. G 36, Air Pollutants and the Leaf Cuticle, K. E. Percy et al., eds., 239-253, 1994.

Fuentes, J. D., T. J. Gillespie, and N. J. Bunce, Effects of foliage wetness on the dry deposition of ozone onto red maple and poplar leaves, Water, Air and Soil Pollut., 74, 189-210, 1994.

Fuhrer, J., Ethylene production and premature senescence of needles from fir trees (Abies alba), Europ. J. Forest Pathology, 15, 227-236, 1985.

Fuhrer, J., and C. Fuhrer-Fries, Interactions between acidic deposition and forest ecosystem processes, European J. Forest Pathology, 12, 377-390, 1982.